Intellectual Property Rights Of The United States

Intellectual property rights were first born as far back as medieval Europe. During these times, groups of artisans in a particular industry were given permission from the government to control conduct in other industries. These group’s job were to oversee what items were being imported, marketed, produced as well as how new inventions were introduced to the market. [1] Intellectual law during this time period was driven mainly by political and religious reasons since they were a huge part of everyday life. In 1710, intellectual law was made more specific with the passing of the Statute of Anne. This gave inventors an initial 14-year protection period and a possible 14-year renewal. However, it did not protect the inventor from foreign-language translations and the people were able to complain if prices were too high. [2] The start of intellectual property rights in Europe gave way to a birth of our own system of intellectual law in the United States. Once the colonies were seceded from British rule, each of the original 13 colonies created its own copyright law. At the time, this sounded like a good idea, however it was later realized that having separate copyright laws only made things confusing. [3] Laws in one colony were not enforceable in another and a solution needed to be made. It was decided that to fix this problem, the national government should be responsible for coming up with a copyright law that has to be followed by the country as a whole, not individualShow MoreRelatedThe Intellectual Property Rights Of The North American Country856 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to the Intellectual Property Rights In a general term, intellectual property is any person’s human intellect, which is often protected by law, in order to safeguard its use from another person. The possession of such kind of property generates limited monopoly in the safeguarded property. Intellectual property can be subdivided into copyrights, patents, trademark and trade secrets (Intellectual Property Rights, 2014). The law protects the Intellectual Property so that the people whoRead MoreThe Acta Treaty : A Multilateral Trade Agreement901 Words   |  4 Pagesthe elite of the world, led by the United States and European Union countries, in an atmosphere of secrecy. But since the negotiations began, it was leaked several drafts of the convention, all of which indicated that the agreement could threaten the right to health, the right to access to medicines around the world, especially in developing countries. It is the most important criticisms against ACTA, it seeks to stronger enforcement of intellectual property rights, surpassing international standardsRead MoreThe Beginnings Of Intellectual Property Rights1630 Words   |  7 Pages Beginnings of Intellectual Property Rights Intellectual property rights will remain a part of international trade agreements in the future, but the global activity will likely be characterized by varying standards and improved enforcement, reflecting evolution in social, cultural and political attitudes, and a deeper understanding of the relationships among innovation, creation and the more efficient distribution of intellectual property. Increased cooperation might occur at the governance levelRead MoreChinese Foreign Trade Relations : Intellectual Property Enforcement Context1164 Words   |  5 PagesChinese Foreign Trade Relations: Intellectual Property Enforcement Context I. Introduction American businesses are losing up to an estimated $60 billion each year in the global market from intellectual property violations. The problem continues to grow as more American companies invest overseas, and more products consist of intangible or intellectual property. American companies face more than just economic challenges: if losses of intellectual property rights continue to go unchecked, businessesRead MoreThe Protection Of Copyright : An Indispensable Part Of The Domestic And International Protection Essay974 Words   |  4 Pagesaspects of intellectual property, copyright is an indispensable part of the domestic and international protection. As one of the earliest countries to be aware of the importance of the protection of intellectual property, the United States paid great attention to the protection of copyright. All the treaties and legislation are aiming at reaching the balance between the creators’ interests and the competitors’ rights. 1.Domestic protection 1.1. It can first been seen in the United States ConstitutionRead MoreEthics and Intellectual Property852 Words   |  3 PagesEthics and Intellectual Property â€Å"Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce† (United States Patent and Trademark Office, 2013). There are many ethical issues that have arisen in the business world today pertaining to intellectual property. Some people may not think that it is important to protect intellectual property however, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)Read MoreIntellectual Property in The US736 Words   |  3 PagesIntellectual Property Intellectual property is an incredibly complicated facet of the law. In the United States, we have many laws in place to control and limit profiting from others intellectual property. The issue is not only profiting from others intellectual property, but not purchasing the property from the originator as well. We will discuss why it is important to protect this property as well as why it is tremendously difficult to regulate all these safe guards. â€Å"Intellectual Property hasRead MoreCopyright Laws Protecting Musical And Literary Intellectual Creations901 Words   |  4 Pagesthe United States Copyright Office approved almost 500,000 claims and processed over one million copyright petitions. Copyright law protects authors’ intellectual property rights. The United States legislature has considered intellectual property protection since the Constitution’s penning. As the publishing world changes so do the laws protecting published works. As copyright law changes wi th time it grows more complex. Consequently, copyright litigation takes place frequently in the United StatesRead MoreWhy Government And Law Makers Should Support Intellectual Property1337 Words   |  6 PagesIntellectual Property Omid Ashrafi Nov 27, 2014 City University of Seattle Abstract This paper is clarifying intellectual property as one of most important keys in innovation and research. It is explaining why government and law makers should support intellectual property right, and also how far government should support intellectual property. Finally, it will mention the two main elements like religious and economy which is the red line for any government and lawmakers who support intellectualRead MoreThe Effects Of Digital Media On The World Of Copyrights1531 Words   |  7 Pagesfamiliarity to intellectual property or copyright laws. When dealing with sources found digitally the laws become even more blurred and confusing; Copyright laws, traditionally, were intended protect authors and artists and physical mediums. Lawmakers’ struggle with copyright law is how to apply laws intended for one purpose to today’s high tech environment fast-paced environment. Laws are continuously being proposed and paced to stop piracy and infringement of intellectual properties (Yearneau, 2010;

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Frederick Douglass s Life Of Slavery - 1783 Words

Frederick Douglass’s Position on Slavery Slavery is severe in two ways; slavery is terrible for slaves, and slavery corrupts slave holders. Frederick Douglass spent his life trying to prove these two topics. He wrote his own books to show people who are not around slavery how horrid it is. He gave countless examples of his own life in order to abolish slavery. In the Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass written by Douglass himself, he says, â€Å"Sincerely and earnestly hoping that this little book may do something toward throwing light on the American slave system.† In the 1800s, slaves were brought over on cramped ships for many miles and then were enslaved on to fields while being tortured by their masters. Slavery was abhorrent for slaves. In excerpt 5, Frederick and other slaves had a desire to escape into freedom. Frederick had to convince other slaves that their lives could be more than slaves. Once he did that they began to have meetings and they planned their escape. However, something was bound to go wrong. In paragraph 6, they were called down to the main house and that is when Frederick was tied up. The men were searching for the protections that Frederick wrote. Then they started to tie the others until Henry (another slave planning to escape) refused. â€Å"In a few moments, they succeeded in tying John. They then turned to Henry, who had by this time returned, and commanded him to cross his hands. â€Å"I won’t!† said Henry, in a firm tone, indicating his readiness toShow MoreRelatedFrederick Douglass s Life Of Slave ry999 Words   |  4 Pagesbeing born into slavery, where you re forced to work, barely fed, and whipped a couple times of day. Rumble! That is the sound you hear in your stomach. Each night after working in the field for an hour a time. Pain that s what you feel after being whipped, for not moving fast enough as you should, mainly because you are tired. You live this life of a slave. Your name is Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass once said, â€Å"Knowledge makes a man unfit to be a slave. Frederick Douglass did not have anRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Boxill, Bernard. Frederick Douglass’s Patriotism. Journal of Ethics 13.4 (2009): 301-317. EBSCO. Web. 19 Oct 2015. Bernard argues that Frederick Douglass always was a patriot even throughout slavery. He states that most Americans are patriots even if they do not agree with the politics, but rather just a love for their country. It talks about Americans who give selfless amounts of time toward the improvement of America. Buccola, Nicholas. Each for All and All for Each:Read MoreFrederick Douglass And The Civil War1712 Words   |  7 PagesFrederick Douglass was a civil war activist, he was a father and a husband. He grew up in slavery and once he escaped he knew he still had work to do. As Frederick was growing up and as he lived , the north and south were constantly arguing and slave owners were very harsh but people still kept going, it was mostly hard on the slaves but soon the whole country was suffering from different things. In this essay (or book as I like to call it) you will learn about Frederick DouglassRead MoreEssay Frederick Douglass and Slavery1448 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass and Slavery Frederick Douglass the most successful abolitionist who changed America’s views of slavery through his writings and actions. Frederick Douglass had many achievements throughout his life. His Life as a slave had a great impact on his writings. His great oratory skills left the largest impact on Civil War time period literature. All in all he was the best black speaker and writer ever. Douglass was born a slave in 1817, in Maryland. He educatedRead MoreEssay about Narrative of Life of Frederick Douglass893 Words   |  4 PagesPublished in 1845, ‘Narrative of life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself’ is still the most highly acclaimed American autobiography ever written. It was published seven years after Douglass escaped from his life as a slave in Maryland. It describes his experience of being slave and his psychological insights into the slave-master relationship. The main focus is on ‘How he learn to read and write ‘and ‘the pain of slavery.’ The goal of this paper is to bring more insight analysisRead MoreFrederick Douglass, An American Slave1114 Words   |  5 Pages Frederick Douglass is well known for many of his literary achievements. He is best known, now, as a writer. As a writer, Frederick Douglass shined. As a speaker, he was the best. There was no abolitionist, black or white, that was more for his speaking skills. (McFeely, 206) So impressive were Frederick Douglass’s oratorical and intellectual abilities that opponents refused to believe that he had been a slave and alleged that he was a impostor brought up on the public byRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair937 Words   |  4 PagesThe Jungle, by Upton Sinclair and Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, by Frederick Douglass both bring forth personal or fictional events that capture the interest of the the reader. The use of pathos in their writing along with true events questions the ethics, morality, and human rights of each individual at the time setting for the publication. In the book, The Jungle, Upton Sinclair advocates for the overall elimination of oppression and exploitation of workers andRead MoreFrederick Douglass : A Prominent African American Social Reformer1127 Words   |  5 PagesFrederick Douglass was a prominent African American social reformer in the 1800’s. Frederick Douglass’s work includes 1,000 of speeches and autobiographies throughout his quest for reform. Douglass escaped slavery at the young age of 20 years old. He went on to spread his voice on social justice through a long profound, powerful, and influential career. Frederick Douglass’s famous Fourth of July speech has caused much criticism over the years. Douglass believed that on a day when white AmericansRead MoreLife Of Frederick Douglas And Benito Cerano Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pagesunconcerned with the color of men s skins, emancipation will be a proclamation but not a fact† (Lyndon B. Johnson). Frederick Douglas and Herman Melville lived in the same time for almost the same length of time. Herman Melville lived from August, 1819 – September 28, 1891, while Frederick Douglass lived from February, 1818 – February 20, 1895. Yet these two narratives couldn’t have been more different. While taking a look at the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas and Benito Cerano we canRead MoreFrederick Douglass And Slavery.1438 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass and Slavery Frederick Douglass the most successful abolitionist who changed America’s views of slavery through his writings and actions. Frederick Douglass had many achievements throughout his life. His Life as a slave had a great impact on his writings. His great oratory skills left the largest impact on Civil War time period literature. All in all he was the best black speaker and writer ever. Douglass was born a slave in 1817, in Maryland. He educated

The Millenials Article Review Essay - 1127 Words

Name Instructor Subject Date Rhetoric Analysis: Millennials: The Me Me Me Generation by Joel Stein Introduction The millennial generation are an interesting group of social class that are going to change the world from their own point of view regardless of how the older generations view or relate to them. The article Millennials: The Me Me Me Generation is talking about the Millennials and how the society perceives them. The millennial is a group of the social generation that were born between the years 1980s to the beginning of the millennium in 2000. These individuals are also referred to as Generation Y, as the previous was known as generation X. The group is made up of mostly teenagers and adults still in their 20s as the†¦show more content†¦The older generation is known for calling its younger siblings lazy, very entitled, have a greater sense of self and are shallow in their thinking. However, unlike the older Generations, the author has studied the ages, he has the statistics, and he has a quote from some of the respected academic institutions. â€Å"Unlike my parents and th eir parents and their great grandparents, I have proof† quipped Joel, the author. (Joel, 1). He also uses his experience to support the subject, as a common user of social media; he proves his credibility on the subject matter quipping about how he knows his twitter followers far much better. Stein emphasises on is credibility by having data, thus quoted â€Å"this article is absolutely true† because of the fact that he has the information that is credible The author was also keen to introduce others subject as a means of proving the credibility of the subject of his article, adding a second subject and emphasizing the credibility as he did in the first paragraph of the article adds more to the primary objective. Roy Baumeister is a psychology professor in the Florida state university who helps in emphasizing how the Millennials have a great self-esteem that is good at getting a job but cannot maintain it, same to relationships calling it an â€Å"honest mistake.† (Joel, 1). Pathos Stein meticulously uses pathos as a way of applying a persuasive writing style through his appeal to the emotions ofShow MoreRelatedInformation Behaviour of Middle School Students Essays1585 Words   |  7 PagesThe information behaviour and information needs of the Millennium generation are different to previous generations due to the fact that they are â€Å"digital natives†. Online information and technology is instinctive, essential and uncomplicated for Millenial generation. They â€Å"expect search boxes† and immediate information (Godwin, 2008, p. 5). Middle schoolers need authoritative information for assignments but do not see the importance of Boolean logic or library databases. They prefer to use theRead MoreGenerations: Baby Boomers1292 Words   |  6 Pagessuccessful.† (Yingling). Today’s generation is most certainly not dumb; in fact, it is shaping to be one of the most intelligent generations yet. As Millennials move into the workforce, the older generations have yet another negative opinion. â€Å"The Millenials seem to bring with them a hedonism [self-indulgence], narcissism [excessive self-interest], and cavalier work ethic previously unknown in the American workforce† (Alexander). Times are changing and the older generations do not like the attitudeRead MoreSecurity And Control Of Privacy2089 Words   |  9 Pagesintertwined with todays use of the internet and information technology. The publication that began the so called debate about privacy in the Western World was brought into light by Samuel D. Warren and Louis Brandeis who wrote an article on privacy in the Harvard Law Review (Warren Brandeis 1890). This was written in response to the aggressive and intrusiveness of journalists during that time. Warren and Brandeis argued that there is a â€Å"right to be left alone† constructed upon the principle of â€Å"inviolateRead MoreSocial Media As A Negati ve Aspect Of Their Lives1182 Words   |  5 Pagesthese ways is economically. Taplin speaks about the fact that we can publicize anything from anywhere which means that we can use social media to publicize the corporations that are making a positive change in the world (Taplin, A Letter to the Millenials). An obvious example is the social media websites themselves. These corporations were founded solely on the internet and make their revenue through the internet itself. There is no retail building required for someone to be able to tweet. TheseRead MoreThe Grocery Store1115 Words   |  5 Pagesintroduced the year later, providing clothing and apparel to the Loblaws stores. The following year Loblaw introduces an online portal website where costumers can rate and review products. This Innovative project would allow Loblaw to be more informed on the costumers likes and dislikes. The feedbacks generated by the reviews would also allow the company to provide better products for the c ostumers. Presently, Loblaw Companies Limited is a public company and as stated previously, is a subsidiaryRead MoreThe Health Risks Of Obesity Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pagesthe country (Gortmaker, et.al. 2011). This research will focus on a literature review of three scholarly sources on obesity as a contemporary issue, explain how academic knowledge impacts on the social elements and the institutions of the local and global communities, assess the principles of active citizenship and their impact on obesity in the next five to ten years and share two blogs on obesity. Literature review According to Wright Aronne, (2012), the prevalence of obesity has increased steadilyRead MoreThe Study of Depression and Excessive Internet Usage Essay2266 Words   |  10 Pagestheories surrounding depression and well-being, life satisfaction, and social media usage in regards to minority users. Literature Review To add in my exploration into the effects of social media in the psyche of minorities, I looked at numerous current articles and studies that have been published that offer more insight. The first of these articles was an article in USA Today in regards to minority usage and preferences in social media. â€Å"Among black Internet users, 26% use Twitter, far outpacingRead MoreVA Consulting Report1708 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿VA Consulting Report The assignment being completed within this report asks the author of said report to answer to a few analysis and review questions pertaining to the Veteran Affairs Administration in the United States, especially as it pertains to their claims processing dilemmas and issues. The author, in order, is asked to analyze the organizational design of the Veterans Administration, analyze the agencys global and international linkages, analyze their human resource goals and frameworksRead MoreShould The United States Raise The Age For Social Security1616 Words   |  7 Pagescontemplating at a forthcoming Social Security crisis. If changes are not forged, the Social Security system will not be able to keep up with the demanded payouts and is estimated to empty the trust fund around the year 2037. In this paper I will review a brief history of the Social Security program, touch upon the eligibility requirements, discuss what economists believe about the future of the Social Security Program, a nd finally state the Pros and Cons to the proposed raising of the age requirementRead MoreGenerations Research Paper1902 Words   |  8 Pagesminimum wages have experienced an upward trend, the cost of living has risen exponentially. In fact, reports have shown that millenials entering the workforce are working longer hours but many are still unable to start families and buy homes (Taylor, 2016). An Ernst Young survey of 9,700 global workers, called Global Generations Research, revealed that nearly 80% of all Millenials and 73% of Generation X are part of a dual-earning couple, meaning that they are only able to support themselves if both

Acid in Soda Free Essays

Experiment 5 The Quantitative Determination of an Acid in Carbonated Beverages Thomas Canfield Kelly Caddell Chemistry 144B T. A. Brock Marvin 15 October 2012 Methods: Two sodas containing citric acid were investigated in this experiment. We will write a custom essay sample on Acid in Soda or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each soda was titrated using one of the two experimental methods. These methods are the traditional titration and the modern titration. Carbonic acid was already removed from the soda by boiling it. Both of the two different titration methods use the same basic set up. Firstly, the buret must be cleaned thoroughly with tap water. While cleaning the buret, it is also checked to make sure there are no leaks. The ring stand is then set up with a buret clamp and the cleaned buret placed in it. Then the buret is filled with 5-10mL of sodium hydroxide, M . 0466 NaOH, three times and emptied after each time to completely rinse the buret. The buret is now filled will NaOH until it reads at the 0. 00mL mark on the buret. The initial volume of NaOH in the buret is then recorded into lab books for future reference. The soda must now be readied for titration. Both sodas require the same set up. The correct amount of soda, depending on which titration, is poured into a 100mL graduated cylinder. This measurement had to be within 5% deviation of the given value to be legitimate. Next, after the initial volume of the soda was recorded for future calculations, distilled water was added up to the 100mL mark on the cylinder. The mixed solution was then put into a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. That is as far as the similarities between the two titration methods go. In order to prepare the first soda for the traditional titration, five drops of phenolphthalein dye are added to the soda water solution in the flask. Next, the tip of the buret was placed over top of the soda solution. NaOH solution was added at approximately 2mL increments. The dye will create a pink color that disappears when mixed. When the titration did not disappear, NaOH was no longer added. The final volume of NaOH in the buret was recorded. 4mL was then subtracted from this number and the number received from that was the volume of NaOH that was quickly added each time for a more accurate titration. Another trial was then prepared by refilling the buret to 0. 00mL and the flask was rinsed out. A new soda solution was added to the flask by following the previous instructions. This time the volume of NaOH that could be quickly added was added to the soda solution. After this volume was added, drops of NaOH were then added to the solution continuously until the solution once again remained pink. The volume of NaOH was recorded in the notebook. This procedure for the traditional and accurate titration was repeated three additional times for a total of four accurate titrations. All data was recorded. The ratio of NaOH to citric acid was then calculated in the notebook for each of the four accurate titrations. Using the volume of NaOH and the molarity of NaOH, the number of moles was found. Then using the stoichiometry of the reaction, the number of moles of citric acid was found for each trial. The mean and standard deviation was then calculated for the molarity of citric acid. The modern titration used a pH electrode and the LabQuest device to record accurate titrations. After the LabQuest device was set up correctly, the soda and the NaOH were prepared as in the traditional titration experiment except the soda was placed in a beaker instead of a flask. Using a utility clamp and a stand, the pH electrode was suspended just above the bottom of the beaker. Then the magnetic stir bar was added to stir the soda solution evenly. For these titrations the volume of the NaOH was entered into the LabQuest device during the titration. NaOH was added to the solution until the pH reached 6. 0. NaOH was then added very carefully, drops at a time, until the pH reached about 10. 0. During the titration, the volume of NaOH was entered into the LabQuest device every time the pH level raised 0. 2 pH. The device stores the entered data and records it on a chart. This process of titration was repeated two more times for a total of three accurate titrations. The data stored in the device was then transferred to a computer and saved. The charts and data collected can be found on the last page. The volume of NaOH used to reach the equivalence point was calculated for each of the three titrations. The equivalence point was found graphically. Using the volume of NaOH and the molarity of NaOH, the moles of NaOH were calculated. Using the volume of the soda used, the molarity of citric acid was found. Then the mean and standard deviation of the molarity of citric acid was calculated. Results: In the traditional titration, the recorded data is shown in the following chart: Table 1: Volume of soda| Volume of NaOH| RatioNaOH:soda| MolesNaOH| MolesCitric acid| MolarityCitric acid| Titration1| 40. 00mL| 19. 00mL| . 475| 8. 85* 10^-4| 2. 95* 10^-4| 7. 375*10^-3| Titration2| 40. 00mL| 19. 00mL| . 466| 8. 85* 10^-4| 2. 95* 10^-4| 7. 23*10^-3| Titration3| 40. 80mL| 19. 00mL| . 469| 8. 85* 10^-4| 2. 95* 10^-4| 7. 28*10^-3| Titration4| 40. 10mL| 19. 02mL | . 474| 8. 86* 10^-4| 2. 95* 10^-4| 7. 36*10^-3| From the data in Table 1, the mean and standard deviation was calculated for the molarity of citric acid: Mean molarity of citric acid: 7. 31*10^-3 Standard Deviation: 6. 837*10^-5 In the modern titration, the recorded data is shown for the three trials in the tables below: Table 2: Table 3:Table 4: The data in tables 2-4 was entered separately into three different graphs shown below: Graph 1: Trial 1 Graph 1b: Derivative of graph 1 shown Graph 2: Trail 2 Graph 3: Trial 3 From tables 2-4 and analyzing graphs 1-3, the volume of NaOH used to reach the Equivalence point was calculated. Trial 1: 11. 86mL Trial 2: 11. 28mL Trial 3: 11. 40mL Using the volume of NaOH and the concentration of NaOH (. 0466M) the molarity of NaOH was calculated to four significant figures: Trial 1: 5. 527*10^-4 Trial 2: 5. 257*10^-4 Trial 3: 5. 312*10^-4 Using the stoichiometry of the reaction between citric acid and sodium hydroxide, the moles of citric acid was found to four significant figures: Trial 1: 1. 842*10^-4 Trial 2: 1. 752*10^-4 Trial 3: 1. 771*10^-4 From the moles of citric acid, the molarity was then calculated to four significant figures: Trial 1: 9. 211*10^-3 Trial 2: 8. 761*10^-3 Trial 3: 8. 854*10^-3 The mean and standard deviation were then calculated for the moles of citric acid in the sample of soda used again to four significant figures: Mean: 8. 942*10^-3 Standard Deviation: 2. 376*10^-4 How to cite Acid in Soda, Essay examples

Interest Rates in United States

Question: Choose One of the US or the Eurozone and Evaluate the likely Future path of Interest Rates Over the next 2 years. Answer: Future projection path of interest rates in United States in the next two years Interest rate of a country corresponds to the rate that is charged by the central bank from the commercial banks of the country (Li and Hazari 2015). United States is considered as well developed nation of the world, which is considered as the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. With a population of only 4.3% of the world, the nation is capable of maintaining a strong economical background of country. This essay aims at focussing on the trends of interest rates of the nation. Being one of the developed nations of the world, the focus of the essay is to attain a projected path of the countrys interest rate trends for the upcoming two years. The essay states the past twenty year trends of the interest rates in United States, which would be quite helpful in acknowledging and predicting the future trends of the mentioned macroeconomic variables. The factors that influence the inflation rate of the country has been taken into consideration thereby predicting the projected path in the end. Interest rates considered as the profit over time due to the financial instruments of a country. Interest rate is noted on the annual basis, which is calculated based on annual percentage rate. In the ISLM model, the lm curve deals with the combination of output (Y) and interest rate (r). these two variables equilibrate the money market, thereby giving the countrys nominal money supply level M and price level P. The LM curve deals with the combination of all Y and r, which would ascertain the equilibrium in the money market of the economy. According to Mankiw (2014), the equilibrium condition, the real money demand of the country must be equivalent to its real money supply. Hence, the equilibrium condition must be stated by : Md(Y,r) = M/P In the above-mentioned equilibrium condition, the equation on the right side denoting the real money supply is fixed. This states that any change in the real money supply, shifts the entire LM curve. Based on the assumption of real money supply being positively related to the output, Y and negatively related to interest rate, r, the LM curve is upward sloping in nature (Beeghley 2015). In an economy, with the shifts of the lm curve, there is a considerable alter in the rate of interest prevailing in the economy. The changes of the interest rates structure are dependent upon both the internal and the external influence of the financial markets of the country. The economic performance of the country along with its perspective and expectations of the potential loan receivers as well as the overall country is quite vital in affecting the changes of the interest rates (Gopinath, Helpman and Rogoff 2014). The interest rates of a country are dependent upon the agreements of the institutions of the economy. Central bank policy is considered as one of the most important factor prevailing in the economy, which helps in laying an emphasis on the interest rates of the country. Depending upon the rise in the money offered by the central bank to the commercial banks in a country, determines the interest rate that may be directly affecting the contracts to be made in these banks. In order to predict the future projection path of the interest rate trends in a country, the most important factor that needs to be taken into consideration is the monetary policy of the country. In an economy, monetary policy helps in anchoring the rate of inflation of a country around the targeted inflation rate of the country. The central bank of the economy, aims at attaining a stable inflation rate of the country that would thereby help in maintaining a sustained interest rate level (Schwartz 2014). On attaining a sustained inflation rate of the economy, the inflation gap and the output gap should be quite proportional to each other. The changes in the interest rates of the country should be gradual in nature. This would help in acknowledging the effects of the interest rates and the economical developments of the country. These indications are efficient enough to denote that the interest rate of the country would be quite well maintained and appropriate in nature. The trend of interest rate in United States for the past twenty years is quite fluctuating in nature. The interest rate had faced a considerable drop fro, the year 2000 to 2004. A steep rise in the interest rates has been visible in the next three years. During the time of financial crisis in the period of 2007-2009, there is a steep fall in the rate of interest of the country from 5.25 in 2007 to 2.47 in 2009. Since, 2011, a stability in the gradual increase in the interest rate of the economy has been seen until the year 2014. A sudden rise in the interest rate has been noticed in the economy in the year 2015 from 1.43 to 2.16 (Data.worldbank.org 2017). Figure 1: Past interest rate trends of United States from 1995-2015 (Source: Data.worldbank.org. 2017) It is known that rate of interest is the amount charged, which is expressed as the percentage of principal. As per the statement of Gal (2015), it can be mentioned that interest rates are considered as the rate of annual basis and it is known as annual percentage rate. Therefore, interest rate is known as the cost borrowing money. In order to forecast the future trend of interest rate of United States, it is necessary to determine the price level of the goods across the economy. It is known that there is a positive relationship between the price level or inflation rate and interest rate. Therefore, it is necessary to highlight the future trend of inflation rate of United States in order to identify the future trend of interest rate of the economy, which would be discussed in the following: 2018 2.37 percent 2019 2.49 percent Table 1: Future years inflation rate (Source: Created by author) Figure 2: Projected annual rate of inflation in United States (Source: Laubach and Williams 2016) From the above table and above figure, it can be observed that the future trend of United States will be increased. Therefore, it can be inferred that the rate of interest will also be increased in the future two years. According to Barsky, Justiniano and Melosi (2014), rise in the rate of inflation reflects the increase in the price level of the goods. Therefore, the purchasing power of the country will be increased. On the other hand, it can be added that increase in the price level will decrease the real money supply. Therefore, the demand for money exceeds the money supply and the real interest rate is lower compared to the new equilibrium interest rate. The annual interest rate will increase from 0.5 percent to 0.75 percent in 2018. Therefore, the labour market will strengthen and the economic activities will be improved. The unemployment rate will be at steady position. As a result, it can be predicted that the job growth will be continued with the slower improvement of household spending. In this purpose, it can be stated that the rate of interest will be increased after the presidential election of Donald Trump. Due to the prospect of higher rate of inflation and higher deficit, it can be mentioned that this will be spurred by the taxation policy as well as the spending proposal of Donald Trump. In addition, Kuttner and Shim (2016) pointed that the Federal Reserve will also be increased at the short-term rates twice within the year. The Fed wants to increase the rate gradually in order to dampening the growth of the economy. In this connection, it can be expected that the preferred level of 3 percent in the short term rate until the year of 2020. On the other hand, the Fed reflected the improvements in customer and the business sentiment and also predicted to increase the rate up to 2.0 percent. Therefore, monetary policy of the country will be adjusted. Interest rates are considered an important macroeconomic variable of a country that helps in determining the stability of the country. Interest rates of the country are determined by the money equilibrium market, which helps in sustaining the macroeconomic conditions of the economy. In this essay, the future trend of the interest rates of United States has been taken into consideration. The past trends of the rate of interest and the monetary policy prevailing in the economy, it could be concluded that there would be a rise in the interest rate in the upcoming two years. There would be an increase in the price level of the economy thereby positively affecting the inflation rate. Hence, an upward pressure on the interest rate of the country would be visible. References Barsky, R., Justiniano, A. and Melosi, L., 2014. The natural rate of interest and its usefulness for monetary policy.The American Economic Review,104(5), pp.37-43. Beeghley, L., 2015.Structure of social stratification in the United States. Routledge. Data.worldbank.org. (2017). United States | Data. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/country/united-states [Accessed 24 Feb. 2017]. Gal, J., 2015.Monetary policy, inflation, and the business cycle: an introduction to the new Keynesian framework and its applications. Princeton University Press. Gopinath, G., Helpman, E. and Rogoff, K. eds., 2014.Handbook of international economics(Vol. 4). Elsevier. Kuttner, K.N. and Shim, I., 2016. Can non-interest rate policies stabilize housing markets? Evidence from a panel of 57 economies.Journal of Financial Stability,26, pp.31-44. Laubach, T. and Williams, J.C., 2016. Measuring the natural rate of interest redux.Business Economics,51(2), pp.57-67. Li, K.W. and Hazari, B.R., 2015. The possible tragedy of quantitative easing: An IS-LM approach. Mankiw, N.G., 2014.Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. Schwartz, A.F., 2014.Housing policy in the United States. Routledge.

Memories of Abuse Essay Example For Students

Memories of Abuse Essay Memory is the mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experiences. A repressed memory is one that is retained in the sub conscious mind, where one is not aware of it but where it can still affect both conscious thoughts When memory is distorted or confabulated, the result can be what has been called the False Memory Syndrome: a condition in which a persons identity and interpersonal relationships are entered around a memory of traumatic experience which is objectively false but in which the person strongly believes. Note that the syndrome is not characterized by false memories as such. We all have memories that are inaccurate. Rather, the syndrome may be diagnosed when the memory is so deeply ingrained that it orients the individuals entire personality and lifestyle, in turn disrupting all sorts of other adaptive behaviors. The analogy to personality disorder is intentional. False memory syndrome is especially destructive because the person assiduously avoids confrontation with any evidence that might challenge the memory. Thus it takes on a life of its own, encapsulated and resistant to correction. The person may become so focused on the memory that he or she may be effectively distracted from coping with real problems in There are many models which try to explain how memory works. Nevertheless, we do not know exactly how memory works. One of the most questionable models of memory is the one which assumes that every experience a person has had is recorded in memory and that some of these memories are of traumatic events too terrible to want to remember. These terrible memories are locked away in the sub conscious mind, i.e. repressed, only to be remembered in adulthood when some triggering event opens the door to the unconscious. And, both before and after the repressed memory is remembered, it causes physical and Some people have made an effort to explain their pain, even cancer, as coming from repressed memories of incest in the body. Scientists have studied related phenomenon such as people whose hands bleed in certain religious settings. Presumably such people, called stigmatics, are not revealing unconscious memories of being crucified as young children, but rather are demonstrating a fascinating psychogenic anomaly that springs from their conscious fixation on the suffering of Christ. Similarly, it is possible that conscious fixation on the idea that one was sexually abused might increase the frequency of some physical symptoms, regardless of whether or not the abuse really occurred. (Lindsay Read, 1994) This view of memory has two elements: (1) the accuracy element and (2) the causal element. The reason this model is questionable is not because people dont have unpleasant or painful experiences they would rather forget, nor is it claiming that children often experience both wonderful and brutal things for which they have no conceptual or linguistic framework and hence are incapable of understanding them, much less relating it to others. It is questionable because this model maintains that because (a) one is having problems of functioning as a healthy human being and (b) one remembers being abused as a child that therefore (A) one was abused as a child and (B) the childhood abuse is the cause of ones adulthood problems. There is no evidence that supports the claim that we remember everything that we experience. In fact, there is plenty of evidence to support the claim that it is impossible for us to even attend to all the perceptual elements of any given experience, much less to recall them all. There is no evidence to support the claim that all memories of experiences happened as they remembered to have happened or that they have even happened at all. And there is no evidence to support the claim that subjective certainty about the accuracy of memories or the vividness of memories significantly correlates with accuracy. Finally, the claim of a causal connection between abuse and health or behavior does not warrant concluding that ill health, mental or physical, is a sign of having been abused. This model is the basis for a number of pseudoscientific works on child abuse by self-proclaimed experts such as Ellen Bass, E. Sue Blum, Laura Davis, Beverly Engel, Beverly Holman, Wendy Maltz and Mary Jane Williams. Through communal reinforcement many empirically unsupported notions, including the claim that about half of all women have been sexually abused, get treated as a fact by many people. Psychologist Carol Tavris writes In what can only be called an incestuous arrangement, the authors of these books all rely on one anothers work as supporting evidence for their own; they all recommend one anothers books to their readers. If one of them comes up with a concocted statisticsuch as more than half of all women survivors of childhood sexual trauma the numbers are traded like baseball cards, reprinted in every book and eventually enshrined as fact. Thus the cycle of misinformation, faulty statistics and unvalidated assertions maintains itself. (Tavris, 1993) The only difference between this group of experts and say, a group of physicists is that the child abuse experts have achieved their status as authorities not by scientific training but by either (a) experience they were victims themselves or they have treated victims of abuse in their capacity as social workers or (b) they wrote a book on child abuse. The child abuse experts are not trained in scientific research which is not a comment on their ability to write or to do therapy, but which does seem to be one reason for their scientific illiteracy. (Tavris, 1993) Here are a few of the unproved, unscientifically researched notions that are being bandied around by these child abuse experts: One, if you doubt that you were abused as a child or think that it might be your imagination, this is a sign of post-incest syndrome. Two, if you can not remember any specific instances of being abused, but still have a feeling that something abusive happened to you, it probably did. Three, when a person can not remember his or her childhood or have very fuzzy memories, incest must always be considered as a possibility. And four, If you have any suspicion at all, if you have any memory, no matter how vague, it probably really happened. crime ; punishment Essay Also, contrary to what many believe, hypnosis does not aid memorys accuracy because subjects are extremely suggestible while under hypnosis. (Loftus, 1980) It is possible to create false memories in peoples minds by suggestion. The mind does not record every detail of an event, but only a few features; we fill in the rest on what must have been. For an event to make it to long term storage, a person has to perceive it, encode it and rehearse it tell about it or it decays. (This seems to be the major mechanism behind childhood amnesia, the fact that children do not develop long term memory until roughly age three.) Otherwise, research finds, even emotional experiences we are sure we will never forget the Kennedy assassination, the Challenger explosion will fade from memory, and errors will creep into the account that remain.(Travis, 1993) Research articles and court testimony confirm the wide spread use of memory enhancement techniques, in the belief that these will help recover accurate memories. These techniques include hypnosis, sodium amytal, dream interpretation, guided imagery, journaling, body massages, participation in survivor groups and reading of self help books. In the summer of 1993, the American Medical Association passed a resolution warning of the dangers of misapplication in the use of these techniques. In June of 1994 they issued a warning about all recovered memories. Both the AMA and the American Psychiatric Association have stated: .. there is no completely accurate way of determining the validity of reports in the absence of corroborating information.note 3 The problem with the practices mentioned above is that when they are used they increase the risk of influence and suggestibility. Why would someone remember something so horrible if it really did not happen? This is a haunting question, but there are several possible explanations which might shed light on some of the false memories. A pseudomemory, for example, may be a kind of symbolic expression of troubled family relationships. There may be a cultural climate in our society in which the belief in the relationship between sexual abuse and individual pathology is nurtured. It may be that in such a climate people more readily believe things happened when they didnt. When people enter therapy, they do so to get better. They want to change. People also tend to look for some explanation for why they have a problem. Clients come to trust the person they have chosen to help them. Because they are trying to get better, clients tend to rely on the therapists opinion. If the therapist believes that the reason that the client has a problem is because of some past trauma, and especially if the therapist believes that the patient will not get better unless he or she remembers the trauma, the patient will work to find what he or she thinks is a trauma memory in order to get better. Richard Ofshe, Ph.D. and Ethan Watters noted that, No one not the patients, therapists, parents or critics of recovered memory therapy question that this therapy is an intensely difficult and painful experience. That the pain of therapy is real should not be accepted, however, as an argument that the memories uncovered are accurate. Ones emotional reaction to a perceived memory need not correlate with the veracity of that event, but rather only to whether one believes that event to be true.note 4 Therapists may believe that they are helping clients and improving a culture in which sex abuse is far too prevalent. A patient may find group acceptance in the cadre of survivors and find the reason for problems. Patients suffering from severe psychological symptoms are known to engage in what is called, effort after meaning (Bass Davis, 1988), in that they seek some explanation, however remote, for suffering. So, should accounts of repressed memory be dismissed out of hand? Of course not! But there should be an attempt to corroborate such memories with independent evidence and testimony before drawing conclusions about actual abuses or crimes. Such accounts should be taken very seriously and should be critically examined, giving them all the attention and investigative analysis we would give to any allegation of crime. But we should not rush to judgement, either about the accuracy of the memories of about the causal connection between past experiences and present problems. We should neither automatically reject as false memories which have been repressed for years and are suddenly recollected, nor should we automatically accept such memories as true. In terms of verification of their accuracy, these memories should not be treated any differently than any other type of memory. 1. Yet, it has happened. In a modern version of the Salem witch hunts, the McMartin pre-school case exemplifies the very worst in institutionalized justice on the hunt for child molesters. See, Mason, M. (Sept. 1991). The McMartin case revisited: the conflict between social work and criminal justice, Social Work, v. 36, no.5. 391-396. on evaluating the credibility of children as witnesses in sexual 2. See, Council on Scientific Affairs, (1994). American Medical 3. See, Council on Scientific Affairs, (1994). American Medical 4. See, Ofshe, R., Watters, E., (1994). Making Monsters: False Memory, Psychotherapy and Sexual Hysteria. p.109. Bibliography:REFERENCES Bass, E. Davis, L. , (1988). The Courage To Heal, p.173. Council on Scientific Affairs, (1994). American Medical Association, June 16. Hyman, I.E. Jr. , Husband, T.H. Billings, F.J. , (1995). Prompting false childhood memories. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 9, pp.181-197. Lindsay, S. Read, D., (1994). Applied Cognitive Psychology, 8, p. 302. London., (1995). Independent Practitioner, March 1, 64. Loftus, E., (1980). Memory, Surprising New Insights Into How We Remember and Why We Forget, Reading, Mass,: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Loftus, E., Ketcham, K., (1987). Eye Witness Testimony: Civil and Criminal, New York, N. Y.: Kluwer Law Book Publishers. Loftus, E., (1980). Eye Witness Testimony, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Mason, M., (Sept. 1991). The McMartin case revisited: the conflict between social work and criminal justice, Social Work, 36, no. 5, pp.391-396. Ofshe, R., ; Watters, E., (1994). Making Monsters: False Memory, Psychotherapy and Sexual Hysteria. p.109. Tavris, C., (1993). Hysteria and the Incest Survivor Machine, Sacramento Bee, Forum section, January 17, p.1.